Internal Assessment

 Internal Assessment- Roll no: 6

Q1)define bone density, how it is measured?what are the causes ,clinical features ,diagnosis and management of osteoporosis?

https://rishik37.blogspot.com/2021/08/gm-elog-case-7.html

Bone mineral density: It is a measure of the mineral content of bone

Measured by: Dual energy X ray absorptiometry

Osteoporosis: Defined as a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength which predisposes and individual to an increased risk of fracture

Causes:

Clinical features:

- increases risk of fractures

-vertebral fracture

-proximal femur fracture 

-colle's fracture

Investigations and diagnosis:

- Plain X ray

-Bone biopsy

-Dual X ray absorptiometry

-CT

- Vit D levels

Treatment:

Q2)what is myxedema coma ?describe its clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of myxedema coma.

http://mahithguduri63.blogspot.com/2021/09/myxedema-coma.html(

Clinical features of myxedema coma:

-hypothermia

-bradycardia

-hypotension

- puffiness of hands and face

-puffy nose

-swollen lips

Warning signs: Presence of cool pale skin and altered sensorium

Lab findings:

- Serum free T4 is low, Serum TSH is high

- Serum cortisol maybe low

- Serum creatinine phosphokinase markedly raised

Treatment

Short notes 

Q3) what is diagnostic approach of young onset hypertension and it’s treatment.

http://keerthykasa80.blogspot.com/2021/09/a-35-year-old-female-with-hypertensive.html(22nd

Hypertension in the young is usually asymptomatic and the diagnosis is made at routine examination or when a complication arises. 

Goals of initial evaluation with High BP are to:

- Obtain accurate BP measurements

- Identifying contributing factors and risk factors and any underlying cause

- Quantify cardiovascular risk

- Detect any complications (target organ damage)

- Identify comorbidity that may influence the choice of antihypertensive therapy

Q4) how do you clinically localise the anatomical level of lesion in spinal cord diseases.

http://sowmya9.blogspot.com/2021/08/21-year-old-with.html(2nd

Q5) causes, diagnosis, treatment of atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is an arrhythmia characterized by disorganized atria and produces multiple atrial foci fire impulses at a rate of 350-600/minute

Causes:

1. Cardiac causes- hypertensive heart disease, valvular heart disease, ischemic heart disease, heart failure

2.Non cardiac causes- Pneumonia, COPD, pulmonary Embolism, thyrotoxicosis, drugs and alcohol

Symptoms: palpitations, fatigue, syncope, angina and symptoms of cardiac failure and thromboembolism

Cardinal signs:

1. Irregularly irregular Pulse

2.Absence of a waves on IVP

3.Hypotension

4. Varying intensity of 1st heart sound, disappearance of 4th heart sound

Q6)describe about megaloblastic anemia.

Q7)what are the causes, pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of ascites.

Q8)approach to acute pancreatitis.

Q9)differences between UMN and LMN.

Q10)indications of hemodialysis 

Q11)role of sucralfate in treatment of corrosive gastritis 

https://aishwaryagannoji35.blogspot.com/2021/09/45-year-old-female-with-vomiting-since.html

Q12) mention renal manifestations of snake bite

https://achalram1512.blogspot.com/2021/08/admission-65-year-old-male-from.html(

Q13)causes of portal hypertension 

Q14) clinical features of Down syndrome 

Q15) post streptococcal glomerulonephritis complications

-Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, Pulmonary edema, Hypertensive encephalopathy, Renal failure.

Q16) causes of cervical myelopathy 

Rheumatoid arthritis of the neck,Whiplash injury or other cervical spine trauma, spinal infections,Spinal tumors and cancers